Review of Continental Airlines organizational structure Essay Example for Free

Review of Continental Airlines organizational structure Essay1.Does the organizational function of this corporation help or hinder it in achieving its organizational goals?Continental Airlines utilizes a divisional structure relative to the management of its various entities. This structural creation is due to the complex nature of the aviation diligence as well as the autonomy required in operating a twenty-four arcminute a day, seven day per week worldwide business. In my opinion, the structural design of this organization with the exception of Continental Express and Continental Micronesia bathroom really not be structured in any other way, and therefore should be considered helpful. The airline business is an incredibly tough business as it is. The costs of operations in relation to profit per passenger mile are very low. This airline and its management team have emerged from bankruptcy and in a flash fly the newest fleet of aircraft in the sky today. Chairman and CEO Gordon Bethune with his years of witness in the aviation industry have afforded the opportunity for Continental to draw more awards for customer satisfaction than any other airline.Obviously, this is a far cry from the pre-bankruptcy days of this airline which now proudly stands as an industry leader. (No, I do not work, nor have I ever worked in the airline industry). The organizational structures leadership includes various notables that have grown up within the industry filling various leadership positions for other airlines. It seems as though Mr. Bethune has installed an incredibly capable team to steer this company into the future. I carved break through Continental Express and Micronesia since they are basically licensed businesses that fly under the Continental flag. Their existence within the Continental family does provide routes to smaller and far-eastern destinations but are independently managed and therefore not considered (by me) as anything more than a profit cen ter on the organizational chart.2.If you were to change this organization, what issues would you need to consider and why? What would be the advantages and disadvantages of organizational change?If I had the ability and experience to effect change for this organization, the first issue I would consider would be consolidation of the airlines ingeneral. I address this issue because I do not necessarily feel that consolidation is all that its cracked up to be. Bigger airlines mean bigger bureaucratism and smaller profit potential. Both of these translate to decreased customer satisfaction as well as the potential for employee dissatisfaction. Mr. Bethune prides himself in being one of the people, he is often seen walking in the terminal, shaking hands and recognizing employees for doing an outstanding job. As a rated company pilot, he is also seen on the flight deck of the perfunctory 757 or 777. It is hard to imagine how the current structure could be improved beyond what it already is. He is leading by example as a leader should. Should airline consolidation continue, the main advantage would be for the traveling public.The customer could potentially book a trip around the world plainly by calling the Continental reservation line. Until that customer shows up for the trip to commence, he may not even realize that hes not even on a Continental flight. Thats the beauty of being big. The trip might be made up of legs flown by Northwest connecting to Varig connecting to Delta connecting to Qantas, etc. This seamless travel experience for the customer should be considered as an upside to consolidation. The main disadvantage might possibly be that the customer has no idea who to call when things go wrong. He might be stranded in a foreign land after his connection with China Airlines cancelled and hes not sure of whom to contact to arse around back on track.The second issue I might consider would be mandatory retirement of pilots once they reach their sixtieth bir thday. Organizationally, this federally mandated insurance policy weakens the organization. My best and most experienced pilots are being forced out of my company. If this policy is unchangeable, I must find a way to keep this incredulous resource happy and employed in some form or fashion that augments my existing infrastructure. This disadvantage to my organization structure is a hurdle that is out of my control but directly affects the bottom line relative to people and organizational power.Referencewww.continental.com/company/investor.governance.asp

For those not familiar with this storyline Essay Example for Free

For those not familiar with this storyline EssayFor those not familiar with this storyline, Romeo + Juliet is solely your average boy-meets-girl, boy-and-girl-f either-hopelessly-in- live, boy-kills-girls-cousin, girl-feigns-death, boy-and-girl-commit-suicide plot. Not one to watch with a box of chocolates and a boyfriend bonfire, but a box of tissues may well be needed. director Baz Lehrmann chooses to set this epic in Mexico, a perfect modern backdrop for the violent gangland culture Shakespe ares script conveys in a modern context.The two families-the Capulets and the Montegues- are beautifully contrasted the lighthearted Montegues in open Hawaiian shirts, against the tight black clad Capulet boys sporting many gold accessories. These two groups of arch nemeses are, however, unite by their mutual habit of openly wearing guns with such flair and style they could easily pass as a fashion addendum, rather than an accessory to murder. In the prologue the role tradition eachy played by the chorus is adopted by a real life U. S anchorwoman.The prologue is so turned into a news bulletin. You are literally drawn in to the fool as the zest slowly zooms in on the television showing the newsreader, before the shot hurtles down a metropolitan street, dragging the audience, with trailing stomachs, behind it. Lehrmann captivates his audience from the outset with a visually stunning repeat of his prologue, utilising imagery from the whole film and conveying the entire storyline in under a minute. Contrary to what you may think, this in fact draws the viewer into the film.The imagery used in the prologue at a time links to and supports the words in the scripted opening, and translates them into the modern context. Two houses, both alike in dignity is represented by two giant skyscrapers both side of a road, one bearing a huge sign saying Capulet, the other Montague. As Romeo, Dicaprio shows the full depth of his acting ability. From lovelorn-Did my heart love til now? to murderous Either thou or I or both must go with him and back down again through all the levels of shock, anxiety, and of course suicidal.Clare Danes gives a beautiful portrayal of young innocent Juliet. Her facial expressions are convincing and manage to wordlessly express every feeling perfectly. Her lines are also delivered with huge compassion and emotion. Danes along with Dicaprio shows a huge variety in her performance, keeping a wide audience interested in a script labelled by many as boring. This is not the first time modern directors have messed around with the star crossd lovers. Most notably Bernsteins all singing all dancing West Side Story, but also China Girls and-more loosely- Romeo Must Die.However, this is the first modern adaptation to stick with Shakespeares script. Lehrmann has obviously had to firebrand cuts in the text for the sake of the length of the film, but the dialogue he leaves in is fantastically effective. This spunked up version a timeles s classic engrosses a viewer of any age from the outset, and keeps its grip almost complete through to hugely moving finale. Even staunch traditionalists must see that dragging this shabby play kicking and screaming in to a twentieth century riddled with guns, drugs, and rock n roll has revived it in a way no amount of Lawrence Olivier ever could.

Comparing The Contrast Of Blakes Songs English Literature Essay

Comparing The Contrast Of Blakes Songs English Literature Es opineWilliam Blake was born in, London, England on 28 November 1757, he was born to a middle-class family and was the third minor of seven children, ii of whom died in childhood. William did not go to school, and was educated by his mother at homeWilliam Blake displayed a bright imagination at a young shape up, which was not looked upon positively during the pre Romantic period. He continued end-to-end his writing to drastically question faith and politics.His p atomic number 18nts knew enough of his stubborn character. He sky-high read on subjects of his own choosing. During this time, Blake was also making explorations into poetry.On August the fourth 1772, Blake became apprenticed to engraver James Basire, for seven years. At the end of this period, at the age of 21, he was to reach a professional engraverOn October the eighth 1779, Blake became a student at the Royal Academy in Old Somerset House, age his study re quired no payment he was expected to bring in his own materials during the six-year period.Blake met John Flaxman in 1782, who was then to become his supporter, and Catherine Boucher, who was later on, to become his wife. Blakes marriage to Catherine remained close and loyal until his death. She helped him to colour his printed poems while he taught her how to write,In this assignment I will compare and contrast third of Blakes poems from the metrical compositions of honour and three poems from the songs of experience, I will comment on the context, themes and Blakes craftsmanship.In Blakes poems many poems fall into pairs Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience they both have opposing perspectives of the universe of discourse, Most of the time Blake is nerve-racking to show us how experience corrupt innocence.The first two poems I will be comparing is Infant Joy and Infant SorrowBlake wrote the song The Chimney sweepers song of innocence and The chimney sweepers song of exp erience from totally different perspectivesWilliam Blakes wrote the poem The Chimney Sweepers in 1789, the poems make outs the story of what happened to many young boys throughout this time. Boys were sold at very young age for the purpose of cleaning chimneys. These children were exploited and lived a very terrible life.Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience both protests the life story conditions and the overall treatment of young chimney sweepsThe innocence version of the poem consists of six four line stanzas. The poem starts with a depressing tone notification us from the Childs perspective that before he had even learnt to speak his parents had sold him My father sold me while yet my tongue could scarcely cry.In the songs of innocence boys innocence does not allow him to not understand the social injustice and unlike the experience version where the boy in the poem sees the unfairness and is qualified to speak against it.The songs of Experience version consists of three four line stanzas.The poem starts of with the line A little Black thing among the snow this suggests the Boy feels unfrequented and depressed, the boy also does not have trust in god and feels that he has lost his purpose this shown when he says Where are thy mother and father, say?They are both one up to church to prayThe Boy also Blames his parents for making him do this work, this is shown here Because I was happy among the heath and smiled against the winters snow, they clothed me in the cloth of death, and taught me to sing the notes of woe this shows that the boy was joyful until his parents sold himThe Nurses Song tells a tale of a Nurse who is looking over some children acting in the field. However the experience version differs form the innocence version in the Experience version it is more bitter than the innocence version, it shows a confine that is jealous of the children and is cruel.On the other hand the innocence version shows a nurse that does not mind the childre n playing, it also seems as if she is enjoying watching the children play this I shown at the very first stanza where she says When Voices of children are heard on the potassium and the laughter is heard on the hill, My heart is at rest within my front and everything else is still.Whereas in the Experience version in the first stanza the nurse says that When voices of children are heard on the green and whips rings are in the dale, my face turns green and pale this could suggest that the nurse is an old nurse with a lot of experience from life.In the last stanza the nurse says Your spring and your day are raddled in play, and your winter and night in disguise this shows that the nurse is weighed down by lifes experience.In the experience version we do not see a lot of colors, unlike the innocence version where Blake paints a childrens drawing in the readers mind.He also uses very smooth oral communication for example instead of dictum the sun goes down it is said till the light fades awayIn the Poem Infant joy songs of innocence Blake s showing us a two day old child that is happy to arrive to the world. Blake creates a lot of joyfulImages in the readers mind,He does that by only adding positive language in his poem, for example the word joy is repeated seven times in the poem. The language that Blake uses when the child talks is also uncomplicated and simple, the poem has two stanzas and is a bit rambling we also see that the mother witch has experience is positively reflecting on the two day old who represents innocenceOn the other hand Infant sorrow from the songs of experience the child feels he is unwanted and that he doesnt belong to this world we learn that when in the first stanza when he says My mother groaned and my father weptWe also learn the child is struggling Struggling in my fathers hands striving against my swaddling bands, the child also feels discarded this is shown when he say bound and weary I thought best to sulk upon my mothers brea st.Helpless, naked piping loud this could suggest that Blake is talking about the industrial revolution and that the world is becoming to dangerous for next generations, in the second line the child also says Into the dangerous world I leaptIn all of Blakes poems he tries to tell us that everyone was born innocent and that lifes experience that forced the us into something good or bad and that lifes experience took away the innocence of youth. Most of his poems illustrate that feeling

Objectives And Techniques Of Fiscal Policy Economics Essay

Objectives And Techniques Of pecuniary Policy Economics EssayFiscal Policys first excogitate Fiscal is sop upn fromFrenchword Fisc which means treasure of Govt. Fiscal insurance insurance policy concerns itself with the aggregate effect of political science expenditure and taskation on income, employment and production. It refers to the instruments by which a disposal tries to place or modify the scotch affairs of the economy keeping in view certain objectives. Thus, financial policy is a package of sparing measures of government regarding its open expenditure, humanity revenue and in the public eye(predicate) debt .Fiscal Policy is the most important part of Economic Policy .So ,we target define monetary policy as the revenue and expenditure policy of Govt. of India .It establishs the prime duty of Government to frame monetary policy . By make this policy , Govt. collects m unitaryy from his different resources and practice it in different expenditure . Thus fisc al policy is related to organic evolution policy. Through this paper the objectives , techniques, stances and limitations of a fiscal policy atomic number 18 existence discussed .An attempt is as well been do to highlight the achievements and progress of the fiscal policy of India.IntroductionThe term fiscal has been derived from the greek word fisc, meaning a handbasket to symbolize the public purse.. Fiscal policy thus means the policy related to the treasury of the government.Fiscal policy is a part of general economic policy of the government which is primarily concerned with the budget receipts and expenditures of the government. All welfare projects are completed under this policy .It also suggests measures to control economic fluctuations which may become violent and create great upheavals in the socio-economic social system of the economy. It also outlines the influence of resource utilization on the level of aggregate charter through affecting the level of aggregat e consumption and enthronement expenditure.DefinitionsAccording to U. Hicks Fiscal policy is concerned with the manner in which all the different elements of public finance , while still primarily concerned with carrying out their own duties, may collectively be geared to forward the aims of economic policy.According to Arthur Smithies Fiscal policy is a policy under which the government uses its expenditure and revenue programmes to produce desirable effects and avoid undesirable effects on the national income ,production and employment.Objectives of Fiscal PolicyThere are following objectives of fiscal policy -1.Development of Country -E real country has to groom fiscal policy for development of Country . With this policy , all work like govt. planning and proper use of funds for development functions is through with(p) . If govt. does not make fiscal policy , then it atomic number 50 happen that revenues are misusedwithouttargetedexpenditure of Government.2. Employment -Gett ing the full employment is also the objective of fiscal policy . Govt. can take many actions for increasing employment. Government can fix certain step which can beutilizedfor creation of new employment opportunities for fired people .3. Inequality -In developing country like India , we can see the difference one basis of earning . 10% of people are earning more than Rs. 100000 per day and other are earning less than Rs . 100 per day . By making a good fiscal policy , govt. can decrease this difference if govt makes it as its target .4. Fixation of Govt. Responsibility-It is the duty of Govt. to effective use of resources and by making of fiscal policy different ministers accountability can be checked . I was seeing the Episode of Chanakya onYouTubein which I found that in old time fiscal policy was made and treasury officer and even prime minister are also responsible for any shortage of govt .fundTechniques of Fiscal Policy1. Taxation PolicyIt is one of the powerful instrument s of fiscal policy in the hands of public authorities which greatly affects changes in disposable income ,consumption and investment. Taxation policy is relates to new amendments in civilise tax income and indirect tax . Every year Govt. of India passes the finance bill . In this policy govt. determines the graze of taxes . Govt. can increase or decrease these tax rates and amend previous rules of taxation .Govt.s earnings main source is taxation . But more tax on public will uncomely effect on the development of economy. If Govt. will increase taxes , more burden will be on the public and it will reduce production and acquire power of public . If Govt. will decrease taxes , then publics purchasing power will increase and it will increase the inflation.Govt. analyzes both the situation and will make his taxation policy more progressive .2. Govt. Expenditure PolicyThere are large number of public expenditure like opening of govt schools , colleges and universities , making of bri dges , roads and new railway tracks . For the above projects govt has paid large amount for purchasing and paying wages and salaries ,however ,all these expenditures are paid after making govt. expenditure policy . Govt. can increase or decrease the amount of public expenditure by changing govt. budget . So , govt. expenditure is technique of fiscal policy by using this , govt. use his fund first on very necessary sector and other will be done after this .3. Deficit Financing PolicyIf Govt.s expenditures are more than his revenue , then govt. should have to collect this amount . This amount is deficit and it can be fulfilled by issuing new funds by central bank of country . But , it will reduce the purchasing power of currency . More new currency will increase inflation and after inflation value of currency will decrease . So, deficit financing is very serious issue in the front of govt. Govt. should use it , if there is no other source of govt. earning .4. Public Debt PolicyIf Gov t. thinks that deficit financing is not able for fulfilling the public expenditure or if govt. does not resort to deficit financing , then govt. can take loan from world bank , or take loan from public by the way of issuing govt. securities and bonds . But it will also increase the cost of debt in the form of cloakest which govt. has to pay on the amount of loan . So, govt. has to necessarily make solid budget for this and after taking into consideration the amount which is taken as debt. This policy can also use as the technique of fiscal policy for increase the treasure of govt. Internal sources of debt include market loans, compensation bonds,15 years annuity certificates , mild private nest egg through various saving schemes. External sources includes in borrowing from the external market ,from international institutions such as the World bank, IMF IDA etc and the governments of other countries.5.Budget.Fiscal policy operates through the budget .Thus it is also called budgeta ry policy. The term budget is derived from a French word Bougette which means a leather bag or a pocket book used to carry financial papers. The budget of a nation is a useful instrument to assess the fluctuations in an economy. Different budgetary principles have been suppose by the economists ,prominently known as the annual budget ,cyclical balanced budget and full y managed compensatory budget.Fiscal Consolidation With recovery taking root, there is a requirement to review public spending, mobilise resources and gear them towards building the productivity of the economy. Fiscal policy shaped with reference to the recommendations of the Thirteenth Finance Commission, which has recommended a graduate exit strategy from the expansionary fiscal stance of last two years. It would be for the first time that the Government would target an explicit decrease in its domesticated public debt-GDP ratio.Stances of fiscal policyThe three possible stances of fiscal policy are neutral, ex pansionary and contractionary. The simplest definitions of these stances are as followsA neutral stance of fiscal policy implies a balanced economy. This results in a large tax revenue. Government spending is fully funded by tax revenue and overall the budget impression has a neutral effect on the level of economic activity.An expansionary stance of fiscal policy involves government spending exceeding tax revenue.A contractionary fiscal policy occurs when government spending is lower than tax revenue.However, these definitions can be misleading because, even with no changes in spending or tax laws at all, cyclical fluctuations of the economy cause cyclical fluctuations of tax revenues and of some types of government spending, altering the deficit situation these are not considered to be policy changes. . Thus, for example, a government budget that is balanced over the course of the business cycle is considered to represent a neutral fiscal policy stance.Methods of fundingGovernment s spend notes on a wide variety of things, from the military and police to services like education and healthcare, as well as transfer payments such as welfare benefits. This expenditure can be funded in a number of different waysTaxationSeigniorage, the benefit from printing cashBorrowing money from the population or from abroadConsumption of fiscal reserves.Sale of fixed assets (e.g., land).All of these except taxation are forms of deficit financing.Some facts about fiscal policyGovernment revenues and expenditures dont need to balance every year but over one business cycleFunctional finance is the principle that government budgets should be geared to the yearly needs of the economyDefenders of functional finance are those who believe fiscal policy is a powerful stabilization tool.The survival of the fittest of fiscal policy guideline depends on the governments belief in fiscal policy as an effective tool for stabilizing the economy .In seventies and 1980s Canada believed in fu nctional finance but recently has made un in(predicate) attempts to move toward cyclically balanced budgets.Government deficits were highest during recessions during the early 1980s and early ninetiesTax revenues fell with slumping incomes during that time as a result of the automatic stabilizersDiscretionary expansionary policy also contributed since federal government increased purchases of goods and services to negate the effects of sagging outputs and incomes.1990s downturn caused a concern over increased public debt and lowered confidence in discretionary fiscal policies to soften a recession.Achievements of fiscal policy in IndiaThe fiscal policy has played an important role in the following fields.Mobilization of resourcesTo finance the development need of India ,the government has extensively used the fiscal policy. The policy of public borrowing and deficit financing has enable the government to raise huge amounts of resources for development. Increasing tax GDP ratio is a good indication of the increasing mobilization of resources. The tax GDP ratio was only 6.7 percent in 1950-51 but it has reached to 17.3 % in 2006-07.Increase in savingsThe fiscal policy has been successful in raising the rate of savings in the household sector, corporate sector and public sector. To encourage savings, prize based schemes to encourage savings, expansion of the network of savings bank, post office schemes.Increase in capital shapingCapital formation involves three stages-incentive to save, mobilization of savings and investment of savings .The fiscal policy has tried to influence all the three stages .A well spread network of postal banks ,savings bank, commercial banks, financial institutions and money market is there to collect peoples savings .The government has also been successful in using the savings of the public of the public sector for development.Incentives to investmentThe government has exclusively used it to influence the government decisions of the private sector. Various tax concessions ,tax rebates, subsidies and fiscal incentives are given to investors. Cottage and small surpass industries have survived due to the support of the fiscal policy. The government is mobilizing increased amounts of resources through public borrowings and deficit financing to push up the level of investment in infrastructure ,social sectors, exploration and development of natural resources.Reduction in Income and wealth InequalitiesTo create equitable conditions in the society ,a progressive tax transcription has been adopted in the realm of direct taxes. The rate of taxes on income goes on increasing with the increase in income .Direct and indirect taxes are used to mop up more resources from the richer sections of the society. Luxuries are heavily taxed. The government has also launched several poverty eradication programmes to directly benefit the silly people. The poor sections of the society are provided with support grains and other ess ential items of consumption.Reduction in inter regional variationsThe states like Bihar, U.P. ,Rajasthan ,Madhya Pradesh, Orissa etc. are given preference while transferring resources from the center to the states .Both statutory and non statutory channels of resource transfer are being used for the purpose. The government of India also gives discretionary grants to economically poor states. In addition to this special incentives, subsidies and concessions are given for locating industrial units in backward regions.Limitations of Fiscal Policy1.Inadequate resource mobilizationThe fiscal policy has achieved a mixed success in mobilization of resources. The defective tax system ,limited base of direct taxes ,exemption of agriculture from direct taxation ,evasion of taxes ,inefficient and corrupt tax collection machinery are some of the causes of poor tax collection in the country. Another cause of poor resource mobilization is the low share of non-tax revenue in the total revenue rece ipts.2. swelling of India is increasing rapidly after issuing new notes for payment of govt. of expenses and in this inflation, prices of necessary goods are increasing very fastly. Living of poor people has become difficult due to this . So , these signs show the failure of Indian fiscal policy.3. Govt. fiscal policy has failed to reduce the black money . Even large amount of past minister is in the form of black money which is deposited in Swiss Bank.4. After taking loan from world bank under the fiscal policys debt technique , govt. has to follow the rules and regulations framed by world bank and IMF . These rules are more harmful for developing small domestic business of India. These organizations are inter related with WTO and they intend to stop Indian domestic Industry.5.After expending large amount for generating new employment under fiscal policy , rate of unemployment is increasing fastly and big lines on govt. employment exchange can be seen generally in working days . D atabase of employment exchanges are full from better unemployed candidates .6. Fiscal policy and inflationThe direct taxes are the main instruments of the fiscal policy. The rise in the rates of direct taxes result in the reduction of the disposable income of the people .The indirect taxes contribute more than four-fifths of the tax revenue .Taxes on commodities, sales taxes ,excise duties, customs etc .add to the prices of commodities .Increase in the rates of sales taxes and excise duties right away cause a rise in the price level.ConclusionThus, the fiscal policy encompasses two separate but related decisions public expenditures and the level and structure of taxes. It occupies the central place for maintaining full employment without inflationary forces in the economy. With its various instruments it influences the economic stability of an economy. The fiscal policy of the Indian government has been very successful in several fields such as mobilization of resources for econom ic development, increasing rate of savings and capital formation, developing cottage and small scale industries ,reducing the incidence of poverty etc. Despite a few drawbacks of this policy, India has truly achieved a considerable level of fiscal maturity.

French Essays La colonisation en Algerie

French Essays La colony en AlgerieLa colonisation en Algrie. Mission civilisatriceou mission exploitative?I. Introduction- Les deux cots de largumentLa Francetaient-elle en Algrie pour apporter la chrtient et la prosprit a cette hitcelle du incorrupt africain, ou bien simplement pour exploiter desressources dun pays sans dfense? Ceci est en effet la question. judgment sommeschargs danalyser si cette colonisation, bien quelle fut force, avait un butcivilisateur ou destructeur. Cest une question dlicate que nous allons tenterde rsoudre laide de faits historiques, opinions dhistoriens et dephilosophes, ainsi qua laide du point de vu de recul que nous avons obtenu auvingt et unime sicle.II.Bref historiqueIl est important,tout dabord, de se remmorer certains faits historiques. La conqute delAlgrie dbuta en 1830 par le roi Charles X pour raisons de piraterie. Centait pas une invasion objective et sans provocation comme celle, parexemple, des Amriques par les Espagnols et de lInde par les Anglais. Apres lapremire expdition vindicatory qui ne fut charg que de se saisir les zonesctires, la France se rendit vite conte des ressources prcieuses quoffraitce nouveau territoire et la situation fut irrmdiablement change. Apres prsde quarante ans de batailles, les diffrents gouvernements locaux du territoirealgrien se montrrent favorables a une assimilation partielle. Cest alors quecommena la colonisation de lAlgrie par la France, un expansionnisme qui nesacheva quen juillet 1962. Ce fut une occupation mouvemente, secoue pardeux guerres mondiales et une guerre civile entre les colonisateurs et leurscoloniss. Un pays maintenant autonome et panachern, lAlgrie fut nanmoins unpays contrl par de nombreux mouvements terroristes, surtout dans les annescinquante, qui se dissolurent rcemment aprs de longs pourparlers. Nous avonsdonc un pays moderne mais avec une histoire complexe, un exempleparticulirement intressant de colonisation ambigu par un pouvoir europen.III.Une mission c ivilisatriceTous pays colonisateurs a travers les sicles occuprentdes pays trangers en professant un but trs clair apporter la civilisation aubarbares. Mme si de, nos jours, nous pouvons analyser les intentions derrireces excuses, les progrs en mesure dducation, dorganisation gouvernementaleet de dveloppements conomiques et culturels sont indniables. Quelques lignesdans les carnets personnels de Victor Hugo lui-mme, sous la monarchie dejuillet, le font apparatre comme ferme partisan de la colonisation ,Lacolonisation militaire doit couvrir et envelopper la colonisation civile commela muraille couvre et enveloppe la cit. La colonisation militaire, cest unemuraille vivante. Quel meilleur obstacle continu quun camp franais? Mettez lesoldat en avant du colon comme vous mettez un fer au bout dune lance .Considrons donc tout dabord les effets positifs de lacolonisation franaise en Algrie, les aspects civilisateurs de cette missionqui permirent un pays aussi grand de se dvelopper et de dev enir un pouvoirmancip et moderne dans le contexte politique actuel. Premirement, la Francedivisa lAlgrie en provinces et en communes, instaurant la structure laborepour la France par Napolon, organisant le pays pour une meilleure rgence.Ceci unifia en un norme territoire un pays qui, jusqualors, ne fut quuneagglom ration confuse de tribus qui ne communiquaient pas entre elles, quinavaient pas didentit nationale.Un dveloppement conomique acclr fut galement unaspect de la colonisation qui profite lAlgrie moderne. Loccupation franaisepermis de fortifier le pays conomiquement en duquant, comme le systmedducation franaislavait fait en Tunisie et au Maroc, une partie de lapopulation pour des formations dducateurs et dingnieurs. Cette classeduque pu, aprs lindpendance, continuer lextension conomique de leurpays. Le pays pris connaissance de ses ressources naturelles et desdispositions furent prises pour les exploiter.La langue officielle tait lArabe mais la languediplomatique vite devint l e Franais. La loi du 26 avril 1968 aprslindpendance rendue la connaissance de lArabe obligatoire pour lesfonctionnaires. Daprs le touch on du Continent Africain, aujourdhui, la majoritdes Algriens sont arabophones dans une proportion de 72%, mais cette priodedoccupation permis bel et bien au peuple algrien de devenir bilingue. De pairavec linsertion de la langue franaise, la colonisation de LAfrique du Nordpar la France permis le dveloppement dune culture franco-algrienne unique.Lducation francophone eue un autre aspect positif dans le dveloppement de laconscience algrienne vis a vis du reste du monde les notions de peuple,didentit et de nationalisme qui, ultimement, servirent la libration delAlgrie, furent inculques aux enfants algriens qui devirent la gnrationindpendantiste.IV. Une mission exploitativeNous allons maintenant examiner les aspects exploitatifs dela colonisation algrienne par la France, car mme aprs lexposition desaspects civilisateurs de cet imprialisme, il est im possible dignorer lesprofonds changements ngatifs quapportrent la conqute franaise nonseulement conomiquement, mais galement concernant le mode de vie algrien.Comme lexplique tout dabord Mohammed Harbi danslinterview LAlgrie malade de son pass?, non seulement lespetites tribus rurales algriennes on perdu leur richesse culturelle pour causede la colonisation franaise, mais la reconstruction du pays fut rserve a unelite culturelle blanche Les transaction tribales ont t brises,les ruraux ont perdu leur identit et leur richesse. Par ailleurs, a ladiffrence de ce qui sest pass en Tunisie et au Maroc, la France limitalmergence de cadres pouvant reprsenter lgitimementla socit. Nous voyons ainsile dveloppement inexorable ds 1830 de la pauvret des indignescompare la prosprit presque illimite des colonisateurs. Mme aprslindpendance en 1962, cest une lite algrienne, exclusivement citadine,duque le plus souvent a capital of France qui, une fois de plus, dirigea le pays audtriment des minorits ethniques du sud du pays. Similairement, pendant queles franais et autres europens occupaient les villes et les meilleuresterres, disposaient dcoles, de routes et de services publics efficaces,lAlgrie musulmane habitait les bidonvilles et devaient se satisfairedes moins bonnes terres ainsi que de pires emplois au service de leurscolonisateurs. Nous savons ceci daprs les faits historiques, mais il estaussi vrais que certains colons traitrent leurs ouvriers algriens dignementet avec respects. Ces franais qui virent dinstaller en Algrie avec leurfamille et refusrent de quitter leurs terres avant et mme aprs la guerrecivile furent souvent rituellement massacres.De plus, la situation politique est reste trs tendue etviolente aprs lindpendance. Les historiens et philosophes actuels, commeGeorges Hardy dans son livre Histoire Sociale de la colonisation franaise,ne cessent de se demander si lAlgrie a tellement lhabitude de se battrecontre des forces doccupations quelle ne sait pas sarrter. La colonisationa t-elle laiss derrire elle un lgue de violence? Les partis nationalistes duFLN (Front de Libration Nationale) et de lUDMA (Union Dmocratique duManifeste Algrien) furent trs actifs entre 1954 et 1999, dchirant le paysavec de conflits politiques dans lesquelles les France ne pouvait lgitimementprendre parti ou se mler.La France imposa en 1887 a LAlgrie, ainsi qua toutes sescolonies, le Code de lIndignat. Daprs Flicien Callaye dans Le livrenoir du colonialisme, le code dpouillait les coloniss franais de leursliberts, linterdiction de circuler la nuit par exemple. Ce code distinguaitaussi deux catgories de citoyens ceux de souche et les sujets. De mme,nous avons en effet dj comment sur le fait que la langue franaise devint lalangue officielle, poussant ainsi tout algrien a devenir bilingue, mains nousnavons pas encore observ que cette langue devint quasi-exclusive danslAdministration, lenseignement ainsi que laffichage. Une loi franaise en1938 dclara mme lArabe comme ta nt une langue trangre en Algrie. Ceci estun exemple classique dimposition de culture.Le dernier cas dexploitation, et peu tre le plus connucar il est le plus rcent, fut le recrutement dindignes en masse shot pendant lesPremire de Deuxime Guerres Mondiales. Lors de la Premire Guerremondiale, le recrutement indigne fournit 173 000 militaires Au mme moment,quelque 119 000 travailleurs Algriens vinrent travailler enmtropole.Pour la seconde guerre mondiale, plus de douze mille soldats algriens durenttuer pour la France. Ce pays fut appel soutenir un combat qui ntait pasmoralement le sien. Il est incroyable que, aprs tout cela, le General deGaulle du se battre pour faire comprendre aux dirigeants et au peuple franaisque lAlgrie mritait son indpendance.Les bnfices de la colonisation pour la France jusqulindpendance furent normes. LAlgrie disposait et dispose dailleurstoujours de ressources naturelles exceptionnelles elle est au cinquime rangdes rserves mondiales de gaz naturel et possde ga lement des grandes rservesde ptrole. Le dveloppement industriel du pays facilita lextraction de cesressources, ainsi que la facilite dobtenir de la main d-uvre paye dessalaires exploitants. Daprs Gille Manceron dans sont livre Marianne et lesColonies, mme les intellectuels et politiciens franais se montrrentcomplices en gardant le silence Sous la monarchie de Juillet, lesdnonciations de la conqute de LAlgrie apparaissent assez isoles. On trouveparfois une certaine rprobation de la violence coloniale chez les responsablesde lopposition dmocrate, mais la plupart dentre eux se rallient tacitementou explicitement au projet colonial.V. Conclusion une mission largement exploitativeNous savons maintenant toute ltendue des barbarismesoprs pendant la guerre dAlgrie par les soldats franais qui, en grandepartie, avaient reu des ordres directs de leurs gnraux. Les documentssecrets retenus pas la Dfense Nationale viennent rcemment dtre renduspubliques aprs leurs cinquante ans mandataires. La pro lifration de la torturede 1954 a 1962 reprsente pour beaucoup lultime recours de la France pourexploiter, une dernire fois, les ressources algriennes. Ceci choua. Maispour beaucoup cette exploitation nest pas finie. Le gouvernement actuel dirigpar Abdelaziz Bouteflika rlu en avril 2004 avec le soutient de Jaques Chiracest considr, par une grande partie de la communaut politique nationale etinternationale, davoir truqu les lections prsidentielles. La dominancedune minorit soutenue par la France est aussi considrer comme tre largementresponsable de la dsastreuse conomie actuelle. Louis Agooun du Croquantdcrit a comme laccaparement dun pays par une minoritparasite.BibliographieAgooun, Louis, LeCroquant, n44-45, dcembre 2004 Algrie, la colonisationrecommence http//www.algerie-dz.com/article1480.html. (21 janvier2005)Algrie Rpublique algrienne dmocratique et populaire.http//www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/algerie.htm (10 mars 2005)Bouche, Denise, Histoire de la colony franaise Tome Flux etreflux 1815-1962, Tome 2 (Paris Fayard, 1991)Callaye, Flicien, Le livre noir du colonialisme Souvenirs sur lacolonisation (Paris Nuits Rouges, 1998)Charles Andr, Julien, Histoire contemporaine La conqute et lesdbuts de la colonisation 1827-1871, Tome 1 (Paris P.U.F., 1964)Hardy, Georges, 1884- Histoire Sociale de la Colonisation Franaise(Paris Larose, 1953)Histoire de LAlgrie Le site du continent africain.http//www.africa-onweb.com/pays/algerie/histoire.htm. (10 mars 2005)Hugo, Victor, Oeuvres Compltes, vol. Ocan(Paris Robert Laffont, 1985)Liauzu, Claude, Liauzu, Josette, Quand on chantait les coloniescolonisation et culture populaire de 1830 a nos jours (Paris Syllepse,2002)Manceron, Gilles, Marianne et les Colonies, une introduction aLHistorie coloniale de la France (Paris Editions La Dcouverte, 2003)The Concise Oxford French Dictionary, ed.by Abel Chevally (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1934)Tolotti, Sandrine, LAlgrie malade de son pass? Entretien avecMohammed Harbi et Ahmed Dahmani La Tribune, 17 mars 2004

The Moral Decline Essay -- pornography, morality, economy, family, divo

Is our society in a res publica of moral decline? To answer this question we have to define the record moral first. In Merriam-Webster dictionary the definition of the word moral is Concerning or relating to what is right and wrong in human behavior. From this definition we can understand that a moral decline is a decline in knowing the different between right or wrong. In another word our moral is handle a guide for every choice we make in our life. Therefore anything could affect our moral reasoning would affect our life. So is our society is a state of a moral decline? I think yes our society in a state of a moral decline because of the raise of pornography, the increasing break rate, and the economy.First of all, the rise of pornography is one of the reasons that our society is in a state of moral decline. According to the IFR, a new pornographic video is created in the United States every 39 minute. Pornography rapes people from their identity and deliver them as a body part . For example, looking to the women as a sex object. A 2009 study at Princeton that used MRI scans to document how pornography encourages men to perceive women more as objects than as humans.(Desmond) This exit cause a sexually aggressive behavior toward women because a sex object is they only thing that the man view the women as. On the other hand we dont see any objecting to the male in the pornographic industry because they are not cheap enough. This double stander will address a male are superiors, which will affect our equal society.Pornography is sending massage to the women that your body is what you are. An example of that are the magazine covers of nude women in a perfect shape. When a 17 year old over weight girl looks at that picture, firs... ... K. Crowder and J. Teachman. 2004. Do Residential Conditions Explain the Relationship Between Living Arrangements and Adolescent Behavior? daybook of Marriage and Family 66721-738.Manning J., Senate Testimony 2004, referen cing Dedmon, J.Is the Internet bad for your marriage? Online affairs, pornographic sites playing greater role in divorces. CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System. http//www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/marriage_divorce_tables.htmKelly, J. B. and Emery, R. E. (2003), Childrens Adjustment pursuance Divorce Risk and Resilience Perspectives. Family Relations, 52 352362. doi 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2003.00352.xE. Mark Cummings, a professor of psychology at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Ind. With USA parole June 15, 2012 http//health.usnews.com/health-news/news/articles/2012/06/15/parents-fighting-may-have-long-lasting-effect-on-kids

The Controversial Theme of A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen Essay

The Controversial Theme of A Dolls House In his act as, A Dolls House, Henrik Ibsen depicts a female protagonist, Nora Helmer, who dares to defy her husband and forsake her duty as a wife and mother to seek out her individuality. A Dolls House ch eitherenges the patriarchal view held by most people at the time that a womans indicate was in the home. Many women could relate to Noras situation. Like Nora, they felt trapped by their husbands and their fathers however, they believed that the rules of society prevented them from stepping out of the shadows of men. Through this play, Ibsen stresses the importance of womens individuality. A Dolls House combines realistic characters, enthralling imagery, graphic stage directions, and an influential setting to develop a controversial theme. The characters of this play help to support Ibsens opinions. Noras initial characteristics are that of a bubbly, child-like wife who is stringently drug-addicted on her husband. This subordinate ro le from which Nora progresses emphasizes the need for change in societys view of women. For Nora, her inferior, doll-like nature is a facade for a deeper passion for individuality that begins to come in during the play and eventually fully emerges in the ending. An example of this deep yearning for independence is shown when Nora tells her friend, Kristina Linde about earning her own money by doing copying. Nora explains, it was tremendous fun sit in her room functional and earning money. It was almost like being a man (A Dolls House, 162). Mrs. Linde is an inspiration to Nora, because Kristina has experienced the independence that Nora longs for. Even though Nora seeks to be independent, she uses her role of subordination to her advant... ...ntroversial theme. Ibsen expresses to the auditory sense his bank for the miracle of true equality, when neither men nor women abuse the power that society gives them. When Nora sheds her dolls dress and steps out into the real world, sh e opens up a new dry land of possibilities for all women. Works Cited and Consulted Agress, Lynne. The Feminine Irony Women on Women in Early-Nineteenth-Century English Literature. London Associated UP, 1978. Durbach, Errol. A Dolls House Ibsens Myth of Transformation. Boston Twayne, 1991. Ibsen, Henrik. A League of offspring/ A Dolls House/ The Lady From the Sea. Trans. Peter Watts. England Clays Ltd., 1965. Salom, Lou. Ibsens Heroines. Ed. and trans. Siegfried Mandel. Redding Ridge Black Swan, 1985. Templeton, Joan. The Doll House Backlash Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA (January 1989) 28-40. The Controversial Theme of A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen striveThe Controversial Theme of A Dolls House In his play, A Dolls House, Henrik Ibsen depicts a female protagonist, Nora Helmer, who dares to defy her husband and forsake her duty as a wife and mother to seek out her individuality. A Dolls House challenges the patriarchal view held by most people at the time that a womans place was in the home. Many women could relate to Noras situation. Like Nora, they felt trapped by their husbands and their fathers however, they believed that the rules of society prevented them from stepping out of the shadows of men. Through this play, Ibsen stresses the importance of womens individuality. A Dolls House combines realistic characters, fascinating imagery, explicit stage directions, and an influential setting to develop a controversial theme. The characters of this play help to support Ibsens opinions. Noras initial characteristics are that of a bubbly, child-like wife who is strictly dependent on her husband. This subordinate role from which Nora progresses emphasizes the need for change in societys view of women. For Nora, her inferior, doll-like nature is a facade for a deeper passion for individuality that begins to surface during the play and eventually fully emerges in the ending. An example of this deep yearning for independence is shown when N ora tells her friend, Kristina Linde about earning her own money by doing copying. Nora explains, it was tremendous fun sitting in her room working and earning money. It was almost like being a man (A Dolls House, 162). Mrs. Linde is an inspiration to Nora, because Kristina has experienced the independence that Nora longs for. Even though Nora seeks to be independent, she uses her role of subordination to her advant... ...ntroversial theme. Ibsen expresses to the audience his hope for the miracle of true equality, when neither men nor women abuse the power that society gives them. When Nora sheds her dolls dress and steps out into the real world, she opens up a new realm of possibilities for all women. Works Cited and Consulted Agress, Lynne. The Feminine Irony Women on Women in Early-Nineteenth-Century English Literature. London Associated UP, 1978. Durbach, Errol. A Dolls House Ibsens Myth of Transformation. Boston Twayne, 1991. Ibsen, Henrik. A League of Youth/ A Dolls House/ The Lady From the Sea. Trans. Peter Watts. England Clays Ltd., 1965. Salom, Lou. Ibsens Heroines. Ed. and trans. Siegfried Mandel. Redding Ridge Black Swan, 1985. Templeton, Joan. The Doll House Backlash Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA (January 1989) 28-40.